for 3 rd ,4th and 5th year students of engllish

[ندى1991]

.hi everybody i want to know what is the diffirence between learning styles and learning strategies and what s thier connection with multiple intillegence. please if anyone can provide me wiyh some information about this topic dnt hisitate coz iam in hurry

[Galal_story]

. WHAT IS MEANT BY LEARNING STYLE?

The term learning style is used to encompass four aspects of the person: cognitive style, i.e., preferred or habitual patterns of mental functioning; patterns of attitudes and interests that affect what an individual will pay most attention to in a learning situation; a tendency to seek situations compatible with one's own learning patterns; and a tendency to use certain learning strategies and avoid others (Lawrence, 1984). Learning style is inherent and pervasive (Willing, 1988) and is a blend of cognitive, affective, and behavioral elements (Oxford & Ehrman, 1988). At least twenty dimensions of learning style have been identified (Parry, 1984; Shipman & Shipman, 1985).

"Field independence vs. dependence." One of the most widely researched dimensions of learning style is field independence vs. dependence. Field independent learners easily separate key details from a complex or confusing background, while their field dependent peers have trouble doing this. Field independent learners show significant advantages over field dependent learners in analytical tasks (Hansen & Stansfield, 1981; Chapelle & Roberts, 1986).
"Analytic vs. global processing" seems to be closely allied with field independence vs. dependence, and indeed may be a more fundamental and more explanatory dimension of learning style. However, little foreign or second ******** learning research exists concerning the analytic-global dimension except in the context of brain hemisphericity. The left hemisphere of the brain deals with ******** through analysis and abstraction, while the right hemisphere recognizes ******** as more global auditory or visual patterns (Willing, 1988). Leaver (1986) speculates that right-brain learners--those who prefer the kinds of processing done by the right side of the brain--are more facile at learning intonation and rhythms of the target ********, whereas left-brain learners deal more easily with analytic aspects of target ******** grammar.
"Cooperation vs. competition" has been only lightly studied as a dimension of style in the ******** learning field. Reid (1987) found that in the ******** classroom, learners rarely report using cooperative behaviors (behaviors that one would infer to reflect a cooperative style); however, this finding might well be related to instructional methodologies that often preclude cooperation and foster competition. In studies where students were taught specifically to be cooperative, results revealed vast improvement in ******** skills as well as increased self-esteem, motivation, altruism, and positive attitudes toward others (Gunderson & Johnson, 1980; Sharan et al., 1985; Jacob & Mattson, 1987).
"Tolerance for ambiguity" is another style dimension of ******** learning. Learning a ******** can be a difficult and at times ambiguous endeavor, and students who can more readily tolerate ambiguity often show the best ******** learning performance (see Chapelle & Roberts; 1986, Naiman, Frohlich & Todesco, 1975).
The Myers-Briggs Type indicator (Myers & McCaulley, 1985) contributes four more dimensions to learning style: extraversion vs. introversion, sensing vs. intuition, thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving (the last dimension referring to the immediateness of the need for closure). Several of these dimensions appear to significantly influence how students choose to learn ********s, according to recent research (Ehrman & Oxford, 1988, 1989; Oxford & Ehrman, 1988).
Other important style aspects that may relate to ******** learning performance are leveling-sharpening of detail, reflectivity-impulsivity, and constricted-flexible thinking (Parry, 1984). Additional research needs to be conducted on all style dimensions in order for teachers to understand more about the basic stylistic preferences of their students.



WHAT ARE LEARNING STRATEGIES?

******** learning strategies are the often-conscious steps or behaviors used by ******** learners to enhance the acquisition, storage, retention, recall, and use of new information (Rigney, 1978; Oxford, 1990). Strategies can be assessed in a variety of ways, such as diaries, think-aloud procedures, observations, and surveys. Research both outside the ******** field (e.g., Brown, Bransford, Ferrara, & Campione, 1983) and investigations with ******** learners (see reviews by Skehan, 1989; Oxford 1989; Oxford & Crookall, 1989) frequently show that the most successful learners tend to use learning strategies that are appropriate to the material, to the task, and to their own goals, needs, and stage of learning. More proficient learners appear to use a wider range of strategies in a greater number of situations than do less proficient learners, but the relationship between strategy use and proficiency is complex. Research indicates that ******** learners at all levels use strategies (Chamot & Kupper, 1989), but that some or most learners are not fully aware of the strategies they use or the strategies that might be most beneficial to employ.

Many different strategies can be used by ******** learners: ****cognitive techniques for organizing, focusing, and evaluating one's own learning; affective strategies for handling emotions or attitudes; social strategies for cooperating with others in the learning process; cognitive strategies for linking new information with existing schemata and for analyzing and classifying it; memory strategies for entering new information into memory storage and for retrieving it when needed; and compensation strategies (such as guessing or using gestures) to overcome deficiencies and gaps in one's current ******** knowledge (see Oxford, 1990).
******** learning strategy research has suffered from an overemphasis on ****cognitive and cognitive strategies, which are admittedly very important, at the expense of other strategy types that are also very useful.
Some preliminary research suggests the existence of sex differences in strategy use (see review by Oxford, Nyikos, & Ehrman, 1988). Choice of ******** strategies also relates strongly to ethnicity, ******** learning purpose, the nature of the task, and other factors (see Politzer, 1983; Politzer & McGroarty, 1985; Oxford, 1989). As noted earlier, one of these related factors is, no doubt, learning style.


Important effects of training in the use of ******** learning strategies have been discovered by a number of researchers (see Atkinson, 1985; Bejarano, 1987; Chamot & Kupper, 1989; Cohen & Hosenfeld, 1981; Oxford, Crookall, Lavine, Cohen, Nyikos & Sutter, forthcoming). It is clear that students can be taught to use better strategies, and research suggests that better strategies improve ******** performance. Just how ******** learning strategies should be taught is open to question, but so far it has been confirmed that strategy training is generally more effective when woven into regular classroom activities than when presented as a separate strategy course.

******** learning styles and strategies appear to be among the most important variables influencing performance in a second ********. Much more investigation is necessary to determine the precise role of styles and strategies, but even at this stage in our understanding we can state that teachers need to become more aware of both learning styles and learning strategies through appropriate teacher training. Teachers can help their students by designing instruction that meets the needs of individuals with different

stylistic preferences and by teaching students how to improve their learning strategies.

[ندى1991]

hi my brother im very grateful to ur help i appreciate this but the problem is that i ve information which are diffirent from yours.for example ,concerning learning styles we have 4 :1.visual 2 verbal 3 tactile and kinesthetic and i have not info about learning stratgies.im very confused about ordering my info so i want to know the rssource of the info u ve sent me i .thanks please reply

[be_fateh]

if god's willing you'll get more information about this topic next year in a subject called Methodology
and here is a website that might help in case that you want to know more about the Learning Strategies
Give It A Try

[ندى1991]

[hi bro.next year inchallah i ll be a 1st year student but th problem is that i need th info in these days .they are not 4 me but 4 some one who is really in need.concerning th site i ve visited it but it did not serve m.by th way i would like to know if studying english i is difficult at th university .
thank u a lot 4 help

[Galal_story]

Hi

The 1st article as you see is the words of the most famouse linguists and didactitians and it's for the high level scholars of DIDACTICS

Here's a simple site a bout your topic: https://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/learn/vis-vrb.htm


if you wanna more details don't hesitate to ask, but u need to trust me

Welcome :-)

[ندى1991]

thank u so much 4ur help an other a qq ive is if u have info about th majister exam of english

[be_fateh]

i guess that if you need any info about the Master you might post your question in this topic
https://www.djelfa.info/vb/showthread.php?t=91619

[nadjasun21]

helolo ever body plz plzzzzzzzzzz help me I need the programme of the third year english ******** of the university please I need it who can help me plz?

Good luckkk

[be_fateh]

LMD or classical system lady
!!

[abdelatif025]

peace be upon you for all
what's up,learning styles and learning strategies realy i don't understand any thing so you have to tell me about what you are talking
i would like to learn english because it's good ******** abviously it's not great as our fluent ******** arabic
but i know sometimes we need to english
i will study the first year history and geography at university but i want english not it
i did the transfer and the result is not appear yet
but let me tell you this subject is so good