ساعدونيييييييي من فضلكم في الانجليزية

[بومدين80]

2011
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, Tawakkul Karman
2010
Liu Xiaobo
2009
Barack H. Obama
2008
Martti Ahtisaari
2007
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) , Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.
2006
Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank
2005
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) , Mohamed ElBaradei
2004
Wangari Muta Maathai
2003
Shirin Ebadi
2002
Jimmy Carter
2001
United Nations (U.N.) , Kofi Annan
2000
Kim Dae-jung
1999
Médecins Sans Frontières
1998
John Hume, David Trimble
1997
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) , Jody Williams
1996
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta
1995
Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1994
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin
1993
Nelson Mandela, Frederik Willem de Klerk
1992
Rigoberta Menchْ Tum
1991
Aung San Suu Kyi
1990
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
1989
The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)
1988
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1987
Oscar Arias Sلnchez
1986
Elie Wiesel
1985
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1984
Desmond Mpilo Tutu
1983
Lech Walesa
1982
Alva Myrdal, Alfonso Garcيa Robles
1981
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
1980
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1979
Mother Teresa
1978
Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin
1977
Amnesty International
1976
Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan
1975
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
1974
Seلn MacBride, Eisaku Sato
1973
Henry A. Kissinger, Le Duc Tho
1972
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund.
1971
Willy Brandt
1970
Norman E. Borlaug
1969
International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)
1968
René Cassin
1967
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1966
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1965
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
1964
Martin Luther King Jr.
1963
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) , Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies)
1962
Linus Carl Pauling
1961
Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjِld
1960
Albert John Lutuli
1959
Philip J. Noel-Baker
1958
Georges Pire
1957
Lester Bowles Pearson
1956
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1955
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1954
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
1953
George Catlett Marshall
1952
Albert Schweitzer
1951
Léon Jouhaux
1950
Ralph Bunche
1949
Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin
1948
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1947
Friends Service Council (The Quakers) , American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers)
1946
Emily Greene Balch, John Raleigh Mott
1945
Cordell Hull
1944
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)
1943
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1942
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1941
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1940
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1939
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1938
Office international Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International Office for Refugees)
1937
Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil)
1936
Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1935
Carl von Ossietzky
1934
Arthur Henderson
1933
Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)
1932
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1931
Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler
1930
Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Sِderblom
1929
Frank Billings Kellogg
1928
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1927
Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde
1926
Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann
1925
Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles Gates Dawes
1924
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1923
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1922
Fridtjof Nansen
1921
Karl Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lous Lange
1920
Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois
1919
Thomas Woodrow Wilson
1918
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1917
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)
1916
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1915
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1914
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1913
Henri La Fontaine
1912
Elihu Root
1911
Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Alfred Hermann Fried
1910
Bureau international permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau)
1909
Auguste Marie François Beernaert, Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque
1908
Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer
1907
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault
1906
Theodore Roosevelt
1905
Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau
1904
Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law)
1903
William Randal Cremer
1902
ةlie Ducommun, Charles Albert Gobat
1901
Jean Henry Dunant
1901
Jean Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy

[daha1]

Alfred Nobel
Born
21 October 1833(1833-10-21)
Stockholm, Sweden
Died
10 December 1896(1896-12-10) (aged 63)
Sanremo, Italy
Resting place
Norra begravningsplatsen, Stockholm




وصية ألفرد نوبل
The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:
The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.
The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical works by Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my expressed wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not.
—Alfred Nobel, Alfred Nobel's Will
1-Top 11 Controversial Nobel Peace Prize Winners

TheNobel Peace Prizewas created by Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite. Nobel asked that the prize be awarded“to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses”. This, unfortunately, has not always been the case. Here are the eleven most controversial recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize

James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39thPresident of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Prior to becoming president, Carter served two terms in the Georgia Senate followed by the governorship of the state of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.As president, Carter created two new cabinet-level departments: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties and the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II). Carter sought to put a stronger emphasis on human rights; he negotiated a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt in 1979.Jimmy Carter’s 2002 Nobel Peace Prize—awarded for the “decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development”—had from the start wrought controversy that was exacerbated further by politically-tinted statements offered by the chairman of the Nobel Peace Prize committee (seconded and affirmed by Gunnar Staalsett, another member of the 5-member, secretive Nobel Committee

-2-Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني‎, 24 August 1929–11 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat (ياسرعرفات) or by his kunya Abu Ammar (أبو عمار), was a Palestinian leader. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority and leader of the Fatah political party, which he founded in 1959.Arafat spent much of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian.Arafat won the 1994 prize along with Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin. Arafat was regarded by critics as a terrorist leader for many years. re Kristiansen, a Norwegian member of the Nobel Committee, resigned in 1994 in protest at the awarding of a Nobel Peace Prize to Yasser Arafat, whom he labeled a “terrorist”.
2-3-Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr.(born March 31, 1948) is an Americanenvironmentalactivist who served as the 45thVice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under PresidentBill Clinton. He is an author, businessperson, former US Senator and former journalist. In 2007, he shared the Nobel Peace Prize with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Al Gore won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on raising public awareness of Global Warming. There has been some *******ion on whether the work was related to the stated purpose of the prize or not. In addition, there is much controversy surrounding his work in the area of Global Warming and, in fact, even controversy over whether Global Warming poses a real threat to mankind. Recently a UK High Court judge decreed that the government could only send a copy of “An Inconvenient Truth” to every school if it was accompanied by guidelines to point out “nine scientific errors”and to counter his “one-sided views”. In his film, Al Gore called on Americans to conserve energy by reducing electricity consumption at home. In August 2006, Gore’s electricity bills revealed that in one month he burned through 22,619 kilowatts – more than twice what the average family uses in an entire year.
3-A list of potential condidates for the Nobel Peace Prize from Algeria and abroad for next year :
*Thich Quang Do, Deputy Leader of the Church of Vietnam
*Hu Jia, Chinese activist and dissident
* another Chinese dissident Mordechai Vanunu, Israeli former
* Abdelaziz Bouteflika, Algerian President
*barack Obama ,is the 44th and current President of the United States
* Nicolas Sarkozy ,French President
*Bill Richardson, New Mexico governor and a former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations
* Ingrid Betancourt, Colombian politician
*Vladimir Putin, Russian President
*Father John Dear, peacemaker
*Bob Geldof The Peace Jam Foundation Greenpeace
*Abdelaziz Bouteflika(born March 2, 1937) has been the President of Algeria since 1999 Committee members named the Algerian President for a number of reasons among them using his diplomatic skills in putting an end to a long war between Iraq and Iran.
bringing peace and reconciliation to the people of Algeria and through awarding him the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize the Nobel Committee would be supporting and strengthening the peace process in Algeria

5-1-I selected those persons because they have done a best work for fraternity between nations. So the prize for peace must be awarded to them.
5-2-From those actions each person can change the world for the better

كلمة ختامية بسيطة
Conclusion
The Nobel PeacePrize is just a small prize when we compare it with the hard efforts of the winners ; so we should be tolerant and make peace without waiting a prizebecauseevrybody have a dutyto :
Make Peace

2011
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, Tawakkul Karman
2010
Liu Xiaobo
2009
Barack H. Obama
2008
Martti Ahtisaari
2007
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) , Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.
2006
Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank
2005
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) , Mohamed ElBaradei
2004
Wangari Muta Maathai
2003
Shirin Ebadi
2002
Jimmy Carter
2001
United Nations (U.N.) , Kofi Annan
2000
Kim Dae-jung
1999
Médecins Sans Frontières
1998
John Hume, David Trimble
1997
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) , Jody Williams
1996
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta
1995
Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1994
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin
1993
Nelson Mandela, Frederik Willem de Klerk
1992
Rigoberta Menchْ Tum
1991
Aung San Suu Kyi
1990
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
1989
The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)
1988
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1987
Oscar Arias Sلnchez
1986
Elie Wiesel
1985
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1984
Desmond Mpilo Tutu
1983
Lech Walesa
1982
Alva Myrdal, Alfonso Garcيa Robles
1981
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
1980
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1979
Mother Teresa
1978
Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin
1977
Amnesty International
1976
Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan
1975
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
1974
Seلn MacBride, Eisaku Sato
1973
Henry A. Kissinger, Le Duc Tho
1972
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund.
1971
Willy Brandt
1970
Norman E. Borlaug
1969
International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)
1968
René Cassin
1967
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1966
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1965
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
1964
Martin Luther King Jr.
1963
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) , Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies)
1962
Linus Carl Pauling
1961
Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjِld
1960
Albert John Lutuli
1959
Philip J. Noel-Baker
1958
Georges Pire
1957
Lester Bowles Pearson
1956
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1955
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1954
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
1953
George Catlett Marshall
1952
Albert Schweitzer
1951
Léon Jouhaux
1950
Ralph Bunche
1949
Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin
1948
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1947
Friends Service Council (The Quakers) , American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers)
1946
Emily Greene Balch, John Raleigh Mott
1945
Cordell Hull
1944
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)
1943
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1942
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1941
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1940
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1939
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1938
Office international Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International Office for Refugees)
1937
Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil)
1936
Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1935
Carl von Ossietzky
1934
Arthur Henderson
1933
Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)
1932
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1931
Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler
1930
Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Sِderblom
1929
Frank Billings Kellogg
1928
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1927
Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde
1926
Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann
1925
Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles Gates Dawes
1924
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1923
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1922
Fridtjof Nansen
1921
Karl Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lous Lange
1920
Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois
1919
Thomas Woodrow Wilson
1918
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1917
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)
1916
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1915
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1914
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1913
Henri La Fontaine
1912
Elihu Root
1911
Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Alfred Hermann Fried
1910
Bureau international permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau)
1909
Auguste Marie François Beernaert, Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque
1908
Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer
1907
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault
1906
Theodore Roosevelt
1905
Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau
1904
Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law)
1903
William Randal Cremer
1902
ةlie Ducommun, Charles Albert Gobat
1901
Jean Henry Dunant
1901
Jean Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy

[medinps]

اريد بحث تعريفي للرئيس باراك اوباما باللغة الانجليزية
شكرا

[bibbah]

Practice (pp.62-63)
Act. One (p. 62)
KEY
The Exxon Valdez was wrecked just off the coast of Alaska in 1986.
It was carrying a huge cargo of oil. The oil spilled out, and it was washed onto
the beach by the wind. The water was polluted. The beach was damaged . The
fishing industry was ruined. Hotels and restaurants were closed.

Act. Two
Use the weak forms of the auxiliaries was and were unless indicated otherwise
in the answer key below. The focus in this activity is on the pronunciation of the
auxiliary was/were in the passive.
Speaker A. What happened to the Exxon Valdez?
Speaker B. It was wrecked off the coast of California and the oil spilled
out.
Speaker A. The oil was washed out onto the beach?
Speaker B. Yes, it was (Use the strong form of the auxiliary.).
It was spread out by the winds.
Speaker A. Was the fish poisoned?

Speaker B. Yes, they were ( Use the strong form.). They suffocated for lack

of oxygen.

Act. Three (p.
Students will act out the dialogue once you have simulated it .

Act. Four
a. Fumes from automobile exhaust pipes cause air pollution.
Air pollution is caused by fumes from automobile exhaust pipes.

b. Water pollution will deplete many water zones of their oxygen soon.

Many water zones will be depleted of their oxygen by pollution soon.

c. The Algerian government will ban cigarette smoking next year.
Cigarette smoking will be banned by the Algerian government next
year.
d. The Post and Telecommunication Ministry has already issued a lot of
environmental stamps. A lot of environmental stamps have already been
issued by the Post and Telecommunication Ministry
e. We haven’t imposed drastic limits on gas emissions and noise yet.
No drastic limits have been imposed on gas emmisions yet.