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[♥ النابغة روميساء ♥]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة اماني 15

شكرا اخي وفقك الله

بالاصح اختي لانني ابنت ابو فراس -روميساء- متشرفين

شكرا علي المرور

بالتوفيق

[♥ النابغة روميساء ♥]

Topic23:
Write a composition on tax evasion.
Typical Essay:
Tax evasion is usually understood to be an act in which an individual intentionally chooses to not pay income taxes due. This act of not paying taxes may be conducted by simply chooses to not file an income tax return, or choosing to not include information about taxable income on the filed return. In all instances, tax evasion can be considered to be fraud, and usually carries stiff penalties.
While there are some that consider any type of omission from the tax return to constitute tax evasion, it is important to remember that it is possible to omit an item simply because the data was overlooked when filing the return. Thus, the intent of the individual plays a key role in determining if tax evasion has taken place.
However, when it can be demonstrated that the individual willfully attempted to hide information about income that was subject to withholding, the tax agency may choose to impose more than a simple interest fine on the amount omitted. The filer may be subject to stiff fines associated with the deliberate failure to file an accurate tax return, or even possibly face prosecution and some time spent in jail for the intentional negligence.
Tax evasion is considered a crime, and is often classified as fraud. All citizens suffer from tax evasion, as the act prevents the government from collecting funds to use for the operation of essential services to the population. When these funds are not collected, services have to be curtailed and thus result in a lower quality of life for all citizens.
Persons who become aware of an error on calculating taxes on reported income or notice that income was inadvertently left off the tax return for a given period should contact the tax agency and make arrangements to file an amended return as soon as possible. This will help to minimize the chances of being suspected of tax evasion, and allow the matter to be settled before interest charges become significant.

[♥ النابغة روميساء ♥]

Topic24:
Write a composition on creative accounting.
Typical Essay:
Creative accounting, also called aggressive accounting, is the manipulation of financial numbers, usually within the letter of the law and accounting standards, but very much against their spirit and certainly not providing the "true and fair" view of a company that accounts are supposed to.
A typical aim of creative accounting will be to inflate profit figures. Some companies may also reduce reported profits in good years to smooth results. Assets and liabilities may also be manipulated, either to remain within limits such as debt covenants, or to hide problems.
Typical creative accounting tricks include off balance sheet financing, over-optimistic revenue recognition and the use of exaggerated non-recurring items.
The term "window dressing" has similar meaning when applied to accounts, but is a broader term that can be applied to other areas. In the US it is often used to describe the manipulation of investment portfolio performance numbers. In the context of accounts, "window dressing" is more likely than "creative accounting" to imply illegal or fraudulent practices, but it need to do so

[أَوْتَآرُ الأَمَلْ]

شكرآ لك روميساء على الوضوع القيـم

[♥ النابغة روميساء ♥]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة أَوْتَآرُ الأَمَلْ

شكرآ لك روميساء على الوضوع القيـم

لا شكر علي واجب

[chaima 1996]

بااااارك الله فيك أختي

في انتظار باقي الفقرات المقررة

موفقوون

[♥ النابغة روميساء ♥]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة chaima 1996

بااااارك الله فيك أختي

في انتظار باقي الفقرات المقررة

موفقوون

يعني كنت اريد ان ادرج باقي الفقرات

لكن لم اجد تفاعل ظننت ان لا احد مهتم فتوقفت

[rayouna4]

keep on doing this girl we re thankful for you ^^

[اريج اريج]

السلام عليكم يا طيبة عساك بخير أشكرك على هذه المجهودات
أود أن أسألك عن مصدر هذه الفقرات وان كنت أنت التي حررتيهم
موفقة ^^

[♥ النابغة روميساء ♥]

Topic25:
Write a composition on currency counterfeiting.
Typical Essay:
Counterfeiting refers to the imitation of something with the intent to deceive. As a general rule, people use the term specifically to refer to people who replicate currency in the hopes of passing it off as legal tender. However, a variety of things can be counterfeited, from designer handbags to legal documents. In terms of counterfeiting money, counterfeiting comes with severe consequences, as it is treated as a very serious crime in most nations around the world.
Most modern counterfeiting is focused on paper money, because paper money has a higher face value. Counterfeiters use a variety of techniques to produce replicas of the desired currency, depending on the security features which a nation uses to protect the integrity of its money and the level of realism desired. For example, a color photocopier can sometimes render a credible replica of legal currency, especially when the currency is run through a washer to age it, but counterfeiters may also use sophisticated printing techniques like those used at a national mint.
Most mints around the world use a number of safety systems to protect their money. For example, many nations print engraved money, meaning that specially engraved plates which are very hard to replicate are used in the production of currency. Many countries also use specialized papers and inks, along with complex designs which are hard to copy, and they may change the look of their currency frequently in an attempt to foil counterfeiters.
Someone who is convicted of counterfeiting will spend at least a decade in prison. He or she may also be forced to pay fines or restitution, and the property used in the counterfeiting process may be seized. Counterfeiting is treated as an extremely serious crime because it devalues a nation's currency, potentially threatening its economic stability and global standi

[♥ النابغة روميساء ♥]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة اريج اريج

السلام عليكم يا طيبة عساك بخير أشكرك على هذه المجهودات
أود أن أسألك عن مصدر هذه الفقرات وان كنت أنت التي حررتيهم
موفقة ^^

و عليكم السلام لست انا من حررتهم كلهم
يوجد من وجدتهم في الانترنت و يوجد من كانو في كراسنا و يوجد من كتبتهم حوالي 2

[اريج اريج]

مشكورة أختي جزاك الله خيرا ووفقك ^^

[♥ النابغة روميساء ♥]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة اريج اريج

مشكورة أختي جزاك الله خيرا ووفقك ^^

لا شكر علي واجب عزيزتي

ضع تقيمك لهذا الموضوع ان اردت طبعا

من اراد اكمال الفقرات يضع تقيم

[♥ النابغة روميساء ♥]

Topic26:
Write a composition on extortion.
Typical Essay:
Extortion is a crime which involves the illegal acquisition of money, property, or favors through the use of force, or the threat of force. Historically, extortion was defined as an abuse of privilege on the part of a public official who used his or her position to get money or favors, but today, people at all levels of society could potentially commit extortion. Penalties for extortion vary, depending on the specifics of the crime. In some countries, extortion is treated especially seriously because it is linked with organized crime, and sometimes special laws are designed to make it easier to prosecute and punish extortion.
To the casual ear, extortion can sound very similar to blackmail, in which people use a threat to demand payments or favors, and robbery, in which a criminal takes something by force. However, extortion is slightly different from both of these crimes. In blackmail, someone threatens to do something which is entirely legal, such as publishing a set of photographs, with the blackmailee offering payment to avoid exposure and humiliation. Extortion is entirely illegal, as it involves threats of violence or other illegal acts.
In a robbery, the violence is very real, and also very immediate. In extortion, violence may never progress beyond the stage of being a threat, assuming that the person being extorted pays up. For example, if someone is threatened at gunpoint and ordered to surrender all valuables, this is a robbery. If, on the other hand, a criminal strolls into a shop and threatens to shoot the clerk's family unless the criminal receives a share of the store's income each week, this is extortion.

Organized crime is perhaps the most famous user of extortion. For example, members of the Mafia have historically demanded “protection money” from businesses, suggesting that if the businesses don't pay up, they may be robbed or otherwise harassed. Extortion has also been used to keep community groups in fear so that they will not seek prosecution for members of a criminal organization. However, individuals may also commit extortion, as may officials, especially in corrupt agencies or governments.
In order to prove charges of extortion, a prosecutor must be able to prove either that an illegal threat was made, or that goods or services were received in exchange for such a threat. Proving such charges can sometimes be very difficult, as people may be too intimidated to testify.

[عمي صالح]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة اْلنَابغةٌ رُومَيسًاءٌ َ

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
في البداية

ETHICS AND BUSINESS
Written Expressions
Topic19:
Write a composition on the conception of corruption.
Typical Essay:
There is an old axiom often applied to those with political ambitions: Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely. In this case, the term corruption means the abuse of a public office for personal gain or other illegal or immoral benefit. Political corruption is a recognized criminal offense, along with bribery, extortion, and embezzlement – three illegal acts often associated with corruption in office. Some forms of corruption may escape legal notice, such as the hiring of relatives for key positions, but they may not escape the scrutiny of voters on Election Day.
Whenever a person accepts a political appointment or wins election to an office, he or she must take an oath to uphold the public trust. While this may sound noble on paper, enforcement of this oath can prove problematic. Very few political candidates successfully reach office without making a few promises along the way. Many of these campaign promises are harmless, such as sponsoring a bill or lobbying for more funding for schools. Other promises, however, may come closer to crossing an ethical line, such as hiring relatives or awarding government contracts to influential contributors.
Political corruption has been a fact of life for thousands of years, beginning with the first attempts at a democratic form of government in ancient Greece and Rome. Almost all of these countries' political representatives were from the wealthier class, which inevitably led to a division between the influential haves and the virtually powerless have-nots. The seeds of political corruption were planted as soon as the senators and other political leaders realized that power and wealth could be equals. Political corruption often begins with favoritism towards those with wealth and influence.
In the modern sense of the term, political corruption is a cancer on the integrity of a governmental body. Very few public officials begin their careers with the intention of becoming corrupt, but some succumb to a sinister form of peer pressure over time. Being placed in a position of significant political power can be overwhelming, and the temptation to bend or break rules for a perceived 'greater good' is always present.
There are a few experienced politicians, however, for whom political corruption is a natural state of being. History is filled with examples of corrupt public officials, such as New York City's Boss Tweed and his political cronies at Tammany Hall during the late 19th century. Charges ranging from bribery and graft to nepotism, racketeering and fraud were all leveled at Tweed's administration, but it was Tweed's skills in political corruption that kept law enforcement at bay for years. A number of judges and law enforcement officers were already on Boss Tweed's secret payroll. Political corruption may always remain a concern for democratic governments, but there are a number of independent checks and balances that can root out corruption before it affects the integrity of the political body as a whole.

الأخلاق والأعمال

التعبير مكتوبة
Topic19:
إرسال بريد تكوين على مفهوم الفساد.
مقال نموذجي:
هناك بديهية القديمة المطبقة في كثير من الأحيان لذوي الطموحات السياسية: السلطة تفسد؛ السلطة المطلقة تفسد تماما. في هذه الحالة، والفساد يعني مصطلح إساءة من المنصب العام لتحقيق مكاسب شخصية أو منفعة غير مشروعة أو غير أخلاقية أخرى. الفساد السياسي هو جريمة جنائية معترف بها، جنبا إلى جنب مع الرشوة، والابتزاز، والاختلاس - ثلاثة أعمال غير قانونية غالبا ما ترتبط مع الفساد في السلطة. بعض أشكال الفساد قد يفلت إشعار قانوني، مثل توظيف الأقارب للمناصب الرئيسية، لكنها قد لا هربا من التدقيق من الناخبين يوم الانتخابات.
كلما كان الشخص يقبل تعيينا سياسيا أو يفوز بالانتخابات إلى مكتب، فعليه أن يحلف اليمين لدعم الثقة العامة. في حين أن هذا قد يبدو النبيل على الورق، وإنفاذ هذا القسم يمكن أن تثبت إشكالية. عدد قليل جدا من المرشحين السياسيين تصل بنجاح المكتب دون جعل بعض الوعود على طول الطريق. العديد من هذه الوعود الانتخابية غير مؤذية، مثل رعاية مشروع قانون أو الضغط من أجل المزيد من التمويل للمدارس. وعود أخرى، ومع ذلك، قد تأتي أقرب إلى عبور الخط الأخلاقي، مثل توظيف الأقارب أو منح العقود الحكومية للمساهمين من ذوي النفوذ.
لقد كان الفساد السياسي حقيقة من حقائق الحياة لآلاف السنين، بدءا من المحاولات الأولى في شكل ديمقراطي للحكومة في اليونان القديمة وروما. تقريبا كل من الممثلين السياسيين في هذه البلدان كانوا من الطبقة الأكثر ثراء، مما أدى حتما إلى انقسام بين من يملكون نفوذا وعاجزة تقريبا لا يملكون. زرعت بذور الفساد السياسي في أقرب وقت أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ وزعماء سياسيين آخرين أدركوا أن السلطة والثروة يمكن أن يكون متساوين. الفساد السياسي غالبا ما يبدأ مع المحسوبية تجاه ذوي الثروة والنفوذ.
بالمعنى الحديث للمصطلح، الفساد السياسي هو سرطان على سلامة هيئة حكومية. يبدأ عدد قليل جدا من الموظفين العموميين وظائفهم بقصد أن تصبح فاسدة، ولكن بعض الخضوع لشكل شرير من ضغط الأقران مع مرور الوقت. وضعه في موقف قوة سياسية كبيرة يمكن أن تكون ساحقة، وإغراء لثني أو كسر قواعد لينظر 'الصالح' هو الحاضر دائما.
هناك عدد قليل من السياسيين ذوي الخبرة، ومع ذلك، والذين الفساد السياسي هو الحالة الطبيعية من الوجود. فالتاريخ مليء بأمثلة من المسؤولين الحكوميين الفاسدين، مثل مدينة نيويورك بوس تويد والمقربين السياسية له في قاعة تاماني خلال أواخر القرن 19th. اتهامات تتراوح بين الرشوة والكسب غير المشروع إلى المحسوبية والابتزاز والاحتيال وتعادل في كل إدارة تويد، لكنه كان المهارات تويد في الفساد السياسي الذي أبقى إنفاذ القانون في الخليج لسنوات. وكان عدد من القضاة وضباط إنفاذ القانون بالفعل على الرواتب سرية بوس تويد ل. الفساد السياسي قد تظل دائما مصدر قلق للحكومات ديمقراطية، ولكن هناك عدد من الضوابط والتوازنات المستقلة التي يمكن اجتثاث الفساد قبل أن يؤثر على سلامة الجسم السياسي ككل.