بحث Pollution في الانجليزية

[titi2010]

السلام عليكم
انا محتاج بحث حول Pollution التلوث في مادة الانجليزية
وبارك الله فيكم

[bac2100]

Have you wondered what you can do to help our planet? Here are some steps that you can do on an individual basis. The more that you do these, the more impact they will have for the benefit of our home and the earth.









Steps :
Save water :

o Check and fix any water leaks.
o Install water-saving devices on your faucets and toilets.
o Don't wash dishes with the water running continuously.
o Turn off washing machine's water supply to prevent leaks.
o Replace old toilets with new ones that use a lot less water.
o Install a low-flow shower head.
o Wash and dry only full loads of laundry and dishes.



Create Less Trash :

o Buy products that you can reuse.
o Maintain and repair durable products instead of buying new ones.
o Avoid products with several layers of packaging when only one is sufficient. About 33% of what we throw away is packaging.
o Reuse items like bags and containers when possible.
o Use reusable plates and utensils instead of disposable ones.Use reusable containers to store food instead of aluminum foil and cling wrap.
o Buy rechargeable batteries for devices used frequently.
o Buy used furniture - there is a surplus of it, and it is much cheaper than new furniture.
2. 3

Reduce Toxicity :

o Learn about alternatives to household cleaning items that do not use hazardous chemicals.
o Review labels of household cleaners you use. Consider alternatives like baking soda, scouring pads, water or a little more elbow grease.
o When no good alternatives exist to a toxic item, find the least amount required for an effective, sanitary result
o If you have an older home, have paint in your home tested for lead. If you have lead-based paint, cover it with wall paper or other material instead of sanding it or burning it off.
o Use traps instead of rat and mouse poisons and insect killers.
o Have your home tested for radon.
o Use cedar chips or aromatic herbs instead of mothballs.
o Use an electric lawn- mower instead of a gas-powered one.
o Create a wildlife habitat in your yard.
o Put leaves in a compost heap instead of burning them or throwing them away. Yard debris too large for your compost bin should be taken to a yard-debris recycler.
o Copy and print on both sides of paper.
o Reuse items like envelopes, folders and paper clips.
o Use e-mail instead of paper correspondence.
o Use recycled paper.
o Encourage your school and/or company to print documents with soy-based inks, which are less toxic.
o Use a ceramic coffee mug instead of a disposable cup.
3. 4

Protect Our Air ;

o Shut off electrical equipment in the evening when you leave work.
o Report smoking vehicles to your local air agency
o Avoid slow-burning, smoldering fires. They produce the largest amount of pollution.
o Use solar power for home and water heating.
o Purchase radial tires and keep them properly inflated for your vehicle.
o Paint with brushes or rollers instead of using spray paints to minimize harmful emissions.
o If you use a wood stove, use one sold after 1990. They are required to meet federal emissions standards and are more efficient and cleaner burning.
o Walk or ride your bike instead of driving, whenever possible.
o Join a carpool or vanpool to get to work.
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Conserve Energy :

o If you have central air conditioning, do not close vents in unused rooms.
o Lower the thermostat on your water heater to 120.
o Turn down or shut off your water heater when you will be away for extended periods.
o Turn off unneeded lights even when leaving a room for a short time.
o Set your refrigerator temperature at 36 to 38 and your freezer at 0 to 5 .
o When using an oven, minimize door opening while it is in use; it reduces oven temperature by 25 to 30 every time you open the door.
o Clean the lint filter in your dryer after every load so that it uses less energy.
o Wash clothes with warm or cold water instead of hot.
o Use a microwave when- ever you can instead of a conventional oven or stove.
o Turn off lights, computers and other appliances when not in use.
o Use compact fluorescent light bulbs to save money and energy.
o Plant trees to shade your home.
o Replace old windows with energy efficient ones.
o Keep your thermostat higher in summer and lower in winter when you are away.
o Insulate your home as best as you can.
Tips
• You can earn money while recycling when you turn in cans from home or found where other have thrown them, if your area has this option.
• While recycling you are helping to save humanity.
• You can make some good stuff from items while recycling, if you are artistic.
• Depending upon your age and experience, consult with an adult to help you while recycling. Make it a family project.

[titi2010]

هل من مساااااااعدة

[BRAHIM HIBA]

Pollution

|Introduction |Air Pollution |Water Pollution |Land Pollution |
Introduction

Pollution is the addition to the ecosystem of someting which has a detrimental effect on it. One of the most important causes of pollution is the high rate of energy usage by modern, growing populations.
Different kinds of pollution are found. In this section we will discuss:

1. Air Pollution.
2. Water Pollution.
3. Land Pollution.

Air Pollution

Air pollution is the accumulation in the atmosphere of substances that, in sufficient concentrations, endanger human health or produce other measured effects on living matter and other materials. Among the major sources of pollution are power and heat generation, the burning of solid wastes, industrial processes, and, especially, transportation. The six major types of pollutants are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates, sulfur dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.
Examples of Air Pollution

• Noise Pollution

• Noise pollution or unwanted sounds that are carried by the air, have an irritating and detrimental effect on humans and other animals. Careful planning of streets and biuldings in towns and better control over noisy vechiles may add to the control of noise pollution.
• Tobacco Smoke

• Tobacco smoke is one of the major forms of pollution in buildings. It is not only the smoker who is infected, but everyone who inhales the polluted air. There is a very strong connection between smoking and lung cancer. Bronchitis is common among smokers and unborn babies of mothers who smoke also suffer from the harmful effects of smoking.
• Exhaust Gases of Vehicles

• Pollution from exhaust gases of vehicles is reponsible for 60% of all air pollution and in cities up to 80%. There is a large variety of harmful chemicals present in these gases, with lead being one of the most dangerous.
• Combustion of Coal

• The combustion of caol without special precautions can have serious consequences. If winds do not blow away the poisonous gases, they can have fatal effects and may lead to death.
• Acid rain

• Acid rain is the term for pollution caused when sulfur and nitrogen dioxides combine with atmospheric moisture to produce highly acidic rain, snow, hail, or fog. The acid eats into the stone, brick and ****l articles and pollutes water sources. Coal in South Africa is rich in sulphur and the power stations in the Mpumalanga Province could be reponsible for acid rain over other areas of our country.

Control Measures

Although individual people can help to combat air pollution in their own immediate environment, efficient control can be best achieved by legislation. Some commonly enforced control measures include

• the establishment of more smokeless zones;
• control over the kinds of fuel used in cars, aeroplanes, power stations, etc.

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Water Pollution

Water pollution is the introduction into fresh or ocean waters of chemical, physical, or biological material that degrades the quality of the water and affects the organisms living in it. This process ranges from simple addition of dissolved or suspended solids to discharge of the most insidious and persistent toxic pollutants (such as pesticides, heavy ****ls, and nondegradable, bioaccumulative, chemical compounds).
Examples of Water Pollution

• Industrial affluents

• Water is discharged from after having been used in production processes. This waste water may contain acids, alkalis, salts, poisons, oils and in some cases harmful bacteria.
• Mining and Agricultural Wastes

• Mines, especially gold and coal mines, are responsible for large quatities of acid water. Agricultural pesticides, fertilisers and herbicides may wash into rivers and stagnant water bodies.
• Sewage Disposal and Domestic Wastes

• Sewage as wel as domestic and farm wastes were often allowed to pollute rivers and dams.

Control Measures


The following measures can be used to stop water pollution:

• every intelligent people should be wise enough not to pollute water in any way;
• by research and legislation the pollution of water bodies, even though not entirely prevented, must be effectively controlled.

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Land Pollution

Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth's land surface through misuse of the soil by poor agricultural practices, mineral exploitation, industrial waste dumping, and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes. It includes visible waste and litter as well as pollution of the soil itself.
Examples of Land Pollution


Soil Pollution

Soil pollution is mainly due to chemicals in herbicides (weed killers) and pesticides (poisons which kill insects and other invertebrate pests). Litter is waste material dumped in public places such as streets, parks, picnic areas, at bus stops and near shops.
Waste Disposal

The accumulation of waste threatens the health of people in residential areas. Waste decays, encourages household pests and turns urban areas into unsightly, dirty and unhealthy places to live in.
Control Measures


The following measures can be used to control land pollution:

• anti-litter campaigns can educate people against littering;
• organic waste can be dumped in places far from residential areas;
• inorganic materials such as ****ls, glass and plastic, but also paper, can be reclaimed and recycled.