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| تاريخ الجزائر من الأزل إلى ثورة التحرير ...إلى ثورة البناء ... |
في حال وجود أي مواضيع أو ردود
مُخالفة من قبل الأعضاء، يُرجى الإبلاغ عنها فورًا باستخدام أيقونة
( تقرير عن مشاركة سيئة )، و الموجودة أسفل كل مشاركة .
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أدوات الموضوع | انواع عرض الموضوع |
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2013-10-29, 14:43
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رقم المشاركة : 1 | ||||
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الحرب الجزائرية الدانماركية
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم:
كان الدانمارك دولة قوية جدا،لا تتناسب قوتها وتعداد سكانها،ولا مساحة رقعتها. وقد كانت للدانمارك مع الجمهورية الجزائرية معاهدتان: المعاهدة الأولى: معاهدة سلم وتجارة: كان للجزائر والدانمارك معاهدة سلم وتجارة،بتاريخ 10 ماي 1746،بين بابا إبراهيم الصغير داي جمهورية الجزائر،وكريستيان السادس ملك الدانمارك والنرويج. وقد كان لهذا الملك المسكين مع الجزائر أحداث وأحداث،إذ حاول غزو الجزائر مرتين على الأقل،وكان هو الخاسر فيهما: المرة الأولى: يقول المؤرخ كاط: ففي الأول من يونيو سنة 1770،جهز الأميرال الدانماركي دي كايس،أسطولا وأراد قنبلة الجزائر،ولما رأى أن المدفعية الجزائرية كانت له بالمرصاد،قرر أن ينسحب،ويراقب تطور الأمور من البحر من بعد،فسخر منه الجزائريون وقالوا: لقد أعلن الدانماركون حربهم على السمك. ويقول كاط أيضا: ودفعوا بعد ذلك إتاوة عالية جدا(أي الدانماركون). ويقول دي غرامون: وكلفهم ذلك غاليا جدا(أي الدنماركيين). المرة الثانية: يقول المؤرخ بلانتي: ثم عادوا وأرسلوا سنة 1771 الأميرال هوغلاند،فألحقت به الجزائر هزيمة نكراء،واضطر الدانمارك إلى عقد معاهدة جديدة مع الجزائر،دفع الدانمارك فيها للجزائر إتاوة مرهقة. يقول المؤرخ إروين: هذا وقد انضم الدانمارك سنة 1814،إلى حلف سباعي شن حربا على الجزائر،يتكون منه(الدانمارك)،ومن هولاندا،وإيطاليا،وإسبانيا،وروسيا،والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية،وبروسيا(ألمانيا بعاصمتها برلين). وقد انتصرت الجمهورية الجزائرية على هذا التحالف انتصارا باهرا. المعاهدة الثانية: يقول دو مارتين: معاهدة سلم وتجارة بين الداي محمد عثمان وجمهورية الجزائر من جهة،وكريستيان السابع ملك الدانمارك والنرويج من جهة أخرى،بتاريخ 16 ماي 1772. وقد كان لهزيمة الدانمارك صدى عالمي كبير،زاد رعب الدول الأوروبية من الجزائر. وفي الجزائر علق عليها أحد شعراء الشعر الملحون،بقصيدة عن قصة البومبة،وديل المارك(الدانمارك):اخزوا جدو.
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2013-10-29, 16:47
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رقم المشاركة : 2 | |||
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بارك الله فيك حقيقة لم اسمع عن هذه الحرب سوى القليل الجزائر كانت معرضة لاطماع اقتصادية بالدرجة الاولى خصوصا خلال فترة 1700 هناك تحرشات اسبانية على السواحل الجزائرية خصوصا المرسى الكبير توجت هاته التحرشات بدخول الاحتلال الفرنسي للجزائرسنة 1830 الذي بقي حوالي 130 سنة دمر واهلك الحرث والنسل الا ان جاء اليوم الموعود بالنصر المحقق يوم 1 نوفمبر 1954 كان يوما مباركا با عتباره يوم الاثنين اول رصاصة من جبال الاوراس الابية وهاهي تحل الذكرى ال58 والخمسين لانطلاق ثورة الاحرار ثور الشرفاء التي ضحىمن اجلها مليون ونصف المليون الشهيد بهاته المناسبة الغالية على كل قوب الجزائري اهنئهم بهذا العيد الوطني الذي لا تكفي الكلماتعن وصفه |
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2013-10-29, 17:14
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رقم المشاركة : 3 | ||||
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اقتباس:
بارك الله فيك أختاه
ظلت الجزائر في حالة حرب طيلة قرون ثلاثة وكانت أساطيل العدو تأتي إلينا والأهم أننا كنا نحن أيضا نذهب إليها يقول بعض المؤرخين الإنجليز: كانت الجزائر تكتسح بريطانيا وتغزوها في عقر دارها بصفة دائمة واسمعي أختي:بصفة دائمة يعني كانت بريطانيا محاصرة دائما من طرف أسطولنا الجرار ووصل أسطولنا حتى إلى هولاندا وقصف موانئها ودمرها كليا حتى انهارت بل وصل أسطولنا إلى غاية البحر المتجمد الشمالي غازيا إيسلاندا والكثير الكثير أختاه فحاولي متابعة مواضيعي في تاريخ الجزائر التي أدعمها بأدلة من المؤرخين الأوروبيين أنفسهم حتى لا يستطيع أحد إنكارها فلدي الكثير من المقالات في تاريخنا المجيد فاقرئيها وزوديني بردودك وتعليقاتك أولا بأول بارك الله فيك |
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2013-10-29, 22:30
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رقم المشاركة : 4 | |||
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لقد تمحصت في الموضوع و استفدت كثيراً منك أخي فلا ترحمنا من جديدك .
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2013-10-29, 22:36
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رقم المشاركة : 5 | ||||
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اقتباس:
بارك الله فيك
لقد آليت على نفسي أن أنفي عن الجزائر تحريف المحرفين وتزوير المزورين حتى تطلع شمس الجزائر من جديد بعون الرب المجيد إذن بناء جديد متين على أساس عتيد مكين |
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2013-10-30, 08:55
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رقم المشاركة : 6 | |||
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ممكن بعض معلومت على علاقة الجزائر بفرنسا قبل احتلال واهم اتفاقيات الي حدثة بينهم |
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2013-10-30, 09:32
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رقم المشاركة : 7 | ||||
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اقتباس:
حاضر أختي العزيزة
سوف أضع بعض المواضيع عن العلاقات بين الجزائر وفرنسا ولكن اصبري قليلا بارك الله فيك |
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2013-10-30, 15:04
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رقم المشاركة : 8 | ||||
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اقتباس:
https://blogs.univ-poitiers.fr/jp-pan...-barbaresques/ لا تقم بحذف ردي مرة اخرى ايها الديموقراطي فالحقيقة لا يمكن اخفاؤها |
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2013-10-30, 15:11
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رقم المشاركة : 9 | ||||
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اقتباس:
لا أساس لهذا من الصحّة و اي حقيقة تدعين ؟! هل تعتقدون أن الجميع مغفل و جاهل ؟! هناك مواقع تزور تاريخ الرسول صلى الله عليه و سلم فهل سنصدقها ؟!
منذ مدة لم أحل معادلة في الرياضيات لكن سافعل ذلك الآن فتابعي معي الحل كلامك و نقلك و نسخك فالحاصل يضرب في إثبات وجود البرابرة سنتحصل على النتيجة التالية : لم نستفد منك عدا بعض الكذبات التي أرت الحقّ لنا . |
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2013-10-30, 15:17
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رقم المشاركة : 10 | ||||
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2013-10-30, 16:00
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رقم المشاركة : 11 | ||||
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اقتباس:
لقد تم رفع شكوى الحظر والإساءة
والله والمستعان |
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2013-10-30, 18:42
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رقم المشاركة : 12 | |||
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كفى من تزوير التاريخ، الإسم الحقيقي هو حروب السواحل البربرية، و لم تكن الجزائر وحدها، و إنما شاركت أساطيل المغرب، تونس، و ليبيا كذلك. It was written in their Koran, that all nations which had not acknowledged the Prophet were sinners, whom it was the right and duty of the faithful to plunder and enslave; and that every mussulman who was slain in this warfare was sure to go to paradise. He said, also, that the man who was the first to board a vessel had one slave over and above his share, and that when they sprang to the deck of an enemy's ship, every sailor held a dagger in each hand and a third in his mouth; which usually struck such terror into the foe that they cried out for quarter at once.Jefferson reported the conversation to Secretary of Foreign Affairs John Jay, who submitted the Ambassador's comments and offer to Congress. Jefferson argued that paying tribute would encourage more attacks. Although John Adams agreed with Jefferson, he believed that circumstances forced the U.S. to pay tribute until an adequate navy could be built. The U.S. had just fought an exhausting war, which put the nation deep in debt. Federalist and Anti-Federalist forces argued over the needs of the country and the burden of taxation. Jefferson's own Democratic-Republicans and anti-navalists believed that the future of the country lay in westward expansion, with Atlantic trade threatening to siphon money and energy away from the new nation on useless wars in the Old World.[21] The U.S. paid Algiers the ransom, and continued to pay up to $1 million per year over the next 15 years for the safe passage of American ships or the return of American hostages.[citation needed] A $1 million payment in ransom and tribute to the privateering states would have amounted to approximately ten percent of the U.S. government's annual revenues in 1800.[22] Jefferson continued to argue for cessation of the tribute, with rising support from George Washington and others. With the recommissioning of the American navy in 1794 and the resulting increased firepower on the seas, it became increasingly possible for America to refuse paying tribute, although by now the long-standing habit was hard to overturn. Declaration of war and naval blockade "Immediately prior to Jefferson's inauguration in 1801, Congress passed naval legislation that, among other things, provided for six frigates that 'shall be officered and manned as the President of the United States may direct.' … In the event of a declaration of war on the United States by the Barbary powers, these ships were to 'protect our commerce & chastise their insolence — by sinking, burning or destroying their ships & Vessels wherever you shall find them.'"[23] On Jefferson's inauguration as president in 1801, Yusuf Karamanli, the Pasha (or Bashaw) of Tripoli, demanded $225,000 from the new administration. (In 1800, Federal revenues totaled a little over $10 million.) Putting his long-held beliefs into practice, Jefferson refused the demand. Consequently, on May 10, 1801, the Pasha declared war on the U.S., not through any formal written documents but in the customary Barbary manner of cutting down the flagstaff in front of the U.S. Consulate.[24] Algiers and Tunis did not follow their ally in Tripoli. In response, "Jefferson sent a small force to the area to protect American ships and citizens against potential aggression, but insisted that he was 'unauthorized by the Constitution, without the sanction of Congress, to go beyond the line of defense.'" He told Congress: "I communicate [to you] all material information on this subject, that in the exercise of this important function confided by the Constitution to the Legislature exclusively their judgment may form itself on a knowledge and consideration of every circumstance of weight."[23] Although Congress never voted on a formal declaration of war, they did authorize the President to instruct the commanders of armed American vessels to seize all vessels and goods of the Pasha of Tripoli "and also to cause to be done all such other acts of precaution or hostility as the state of war will justify." The American squadron joined a Swedish flotilla under Rudolf Cederström in blockading Tripoli, the Swedes having been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800. On May 31, 1801 Commodore Edward Preble traveled to Messina, Sicily to the court of King Francis of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He sought help and found a good ally. The Kingdom was at war with Napoleon, but Francis supplied the Americans with manpower, craftsmen, supplies, gunboats, mortar boats, and the ports of Messina, Syracuse and Palermo to be used as a naval base to launch operations against Tripoli, a port walled fortress city protected by 150 pieces of heavy artillery manned by 25,000 soldiers, assisted by a fleet of 10 ten gunned brigs, 2 eight gun schooners, 2 large galleys, and 19 gunboats.[25] The schooner USS Enterprise (commanded by Lieutenant Andrew Sterret) defeated the 14-gun Tripolitan corsair Tripoli after a fierce but one-sided battle on August 1, 1801. In 1802, in response to Jefferson's request for authority to deal with the pirates, Congress passed "An act for the Protection of Commerce and seamen of the United States against the Tripolitan cruisers", authorizing the President to "…employ such of the armed vessels of the United States as may be judged requisite… for protecting effectually the commerce and seamen thereof on the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas."[26] "The statute authorized American ships to seize vessels belonging to the Bey of Tripoli, with the captured property distributed to those who brought the vessels into port."[23] The U.S Navy went unchallenged on the sea, but still the question remained undecided. Jefferson pressed the issue the following year, with an increase in military force and deployment of many of the Navy's best ships to the region throughout 1802. The USS Argus, Chesapeake, Constellation, Constitution, Enterprise, Intrepid, Philadelphia and Syren all saw service during the war under the overall command of Commodore Edward Preble. Throughout 1803, Preble set up and maintained a blockade of the Barbary ports and executed a campaign of raids and attacks against the cities' fleets. Battles In October 1803, Tripoli's fleet was able to capture USS Philadelphia intact after the frigate ran aground while patrolling Tripoli harbor. Efforts by the Americans to float the ship while under fire from shore batteries and Tripolitan naval units failed. The ship, its captain, William Bainbridge, and all officers and crew were taken ashore and held as hostages. Philadelphia was turned against the Americans and anchored in the harbor as a gun battery. On the night of February 16, 1804, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a small detachment of U.S. Marines aboard the captured Tripolitan ketch rechristened USS Intrepid, thus deceiving the guards on the Philadelphia to float close enough to board her. Decatur's men stormed the ship and overpowered the Tripolitan sailors. With fire support from the American warships, the Marines set fire to Philadelphia, denying her use by the enemy. British Admiral Horatio Nelson, himself known as a man of action and courage, reportedly called this "the most bold and daring act of the age."[27] Preble attacked Tripoli on July 14, 1804, in a series of inconclusive battles, including a courageous but unsuccessful attack attempting to use USS Intrepid under Captain Richard Somers as a fire ship, packed with explosives and sent to enter Tripoli harbor, where she would destroy herself and the enemy fleet. However, Intrepid was destroyed, possibly by enemy gunfire, before she achieved her goal, killing Somers and his entire crew.[28] The turning point in the war was the Battle of Derna (April–May 1805). Ex-consul William Eaton, a former Army officer who held the rank of general, and US Marine Corps First Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon led a force of eight U.S. Marines,[29] 500 mercenaries -- Greeks from Crete, Arabs, and Berbers — on a march across the desert from Alexandria, Egypt to assault and to capture the Tripolitan city of Derna. This was the first time in history the United States flag was raised in victory on foreign soil. The action is memorialized in a line of the Marines' Hymn—"the shores of Tripoli."[30] Peace treaty and legacy Wearied of the blockade and raids, and now under threat of a continued advance on Tripoli proper and a scheme to restore his deposed older brother Hamet Karamanli as ruler, Yusuf Karamanli signed a treaty ending hostilities on June 10, 1805. Article 2 of the Treaty reads: The Bashaw of Tripoli shall deliver up to the American Squadron now off Tripoli, all the Americans in his possession; and all the Subjects of the Bashaw of Tripoli now in the power of the United States of America shall be delivered up to him; and as the number of Americans in possession of the Bashaw of Tripoli amounts to Three Hundred Persons, more or less; and the number of Tripolino Subjects in the power of the Americans to about, One Hundred more or less; The Bashaw of Tripoli shall receive from the United States of America, the sum of Sixty Thousand Dollars, as a payment for the difference between the Prisoners herein mentioned.[31]In agreeing to pay a ransom of $60,000 for the American prisoners, the Jefferson administration drew a distinction between paying tribute and paying ransom. At the time, some argued that buying sailors out of slavery was a fair exchange to end the war. William Eaton, however, remained bitter for the rest of his life about the treaty, feeling that his efforts had been squandered by the State Department diplomat Tobias Lear. Eaton and others felt that the capture of Derna should have been used as a bargaining chip to obtain the release of all American prisoners without having to pay ransom. Furthermore, Eaton believed the honor of the United States had been compromised when it abandoned Hamet Karamanli after promising to restore him as leader of Tripoli. Eaton's complaints generally fell on deaf ears, especially as attention turned to the strained international relations which would ultimately lead to the withdrawal of the U.S. Navy from the area in 1807 and to the War of 1812.[32] The First Barbary War was beneficial to the military reputation of the U.S. America's military command and war mechanism, which had been up to that time relatively untested. The First Barbary War showed that America could execute a war far from home, and that American forces had the cohesion to fight together as Americans rather than separately as Georgians or New Yorkers. The United States Navy and Marines became a permanent part of the American government and American history, and Decatur returned to the U.S. as its first post-Revolutionary war hero.[33] However, the more immediate problem of Barbary piracy was not fully settled. By 1807, Algiers had gone back to taking American ships and seamen hostage. Distracted by the preludes to the War of 1812, the U.S. was unable to respond to the provocation until 1815, with the Second Barbary War, in which naval victories by Commodores William Bainbridge and Stephen Decatur led to treaties ending all tribute payments by the U.S.[34] Monument The Tripoli Monument,[35] the oldest military monument in the U.S., honors the heroes of the First Barbary War: Master Commandant Richard Somers, Lieutenant James Caldwell, James Decatur (brother of Stephen Decatur), Henry Wadsworth, Joseph Israel and John Dorsey. Originally known as the Naval Monument, it was carved of Carrara marble in Italy in 1806 and brought to the U.S. as ballast on board the USS Constitution ("Old Ironsides"). From its original ******** in the Washington Navy Yard, it was moved to the west terrace of the national Capitol and finally, in 1860, to the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland.[36] ================================================== ================================ References
Second Barbary War The Second Barbary War (1815), also known as the Algerine or Algerian War, was the second of two wars fought between the United States and the Ottoman Empire's North African regencies of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algeria known collectively as the Barbary states. The war between the Barbary States and the U.S. ended in 1815; the international dispute would effectively be ended the following year by Great Britain and the Netherlands. The war brought an end to the American practice of paying tribute to the pirate states and helped mark the beginning of the end of piracy in that region, which had been rampant in the days of Ottoman domination (16th–18th centuries). Within decades, European powers built ever more sophisticated and expensive ships which the Barbary pirates could not match in numbers or technology.[1] After the First Barbary War (1801–1805), the U.S. found its attention diverted to its worsening relationship with Great Britain over trade with France, which culminated in the War of 1812. The Barbary pirate states took this opportunity to return to their practice of attacking American, as well as European merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea and holding their crews and officers for ransom. At the same time, the major European powers were still involved in the Napoleonic Wars which did not fully end until 1815. United States' response At the conclusion of the War of 1812, however, America could once again turn its sights on North Africa. On March 3, 1815, the U.S. Congress authorized deployment of naval power against Algiers, and two squadrons were assembled and readied for war. The squadron under the command of Commodore William Bainbridge was ported in Boston while Commodore Stephen Decatur's squadron was at New York. Decatur's squadron was ready to set sail first and departed May 20, 1815. It comprised the frigates USS Guerriere, the flag ship, with 44 guns, commanded by Captain William Lewis; Constellation, with 36 guns, commanded by Captain Charles Gordon, and Macedonia with 38 guns, under the command of Captain Jacob Jones; the sloops-of-war Eperyie, commanded by Captain John Downes, and Ontario with 16 guns, commanded by Captain Jesse D. Elliott; the brigs Firefly, Spark and Flambeau, each with 14 guns, commanded by Lieutenants George W. Kodgers, Thomas Gamble, and John B. Nicholson; and the schooners Torch and Spitfire, both with 12 guns, commanded by Lieutenants Wolcott Chauncey and Alexander J. Dallas. Mr. William Shaler.[2] Bainbridge's command was still assembling, and did not depart until July 1, thereby missing the actions.[3] Negotiations Shortly after departing Gibraltar en route to Algiers, Decatur's squadron encountered the Algerian flagship Meshuda, and, in a battle off Cape Gata, captured it. Not long afterward, the American squadron likewise off Cape Palos captured the Algerian brig Estedio. By the final week of June, the squadron had reached Algiers and had initiated negotiations with the Dey. After persistent demands for recompensation mingled with threats of destruction, the Dey capitulated. By terms of the treaty signed aboard the Guerriere in the Bay of Algiers, 3 July 1815, Decatur agreed to return the captured Meshuda and Estedio while the Algerians returned all American captives, estimated to be about 10, and a significant number of European captives[citation needed] were exchanged for about 500 subjects of the Dey[4] along with $10,000 in payment for seized shipping. The treaty guaranteed no further tributes[5] and granted the United States full shipping rights. Aftermath In early 1816, Britain undertook a diplomatic mission, backed by a small squadron of ships of the line to Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers to convince the Deys to stop their piracy and free the Christian slaves. The Beys of Tunis and Tripoli agreed without any resistance, but the Dey of Algiers was more recalcitrant and the negotiations were stormy. The leader of the diplomatic mission Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, believed that he had managed to negotiate a treaty to stop the slavery of Christians and returned to England. However, due to confused orders, Algerian troops massacred 200 Corsican, Sicilian and Sardinian fishermen who were under British protection just after the treaty was signed. This caused outrage in Britain and Europe and Exmouth's negotiations were seen as a failure. As a result, Exmouth was ordered to sea again to complete the job and punish the Algerians. He gathered a squadron of five ships of the line, reinforced by a number of frigates, later reinforced by a flotilla of six Dutch ships. On 27 August 1816, following a round of failed negotiations, the fleet delivered a punishing nine-hour bombardment of Algiers. The attack immobilized many of the Dey's corsairs and shore batteries, forcing him to accept a peace offer of the same terms as he had rejected the day before. Exmouth warned that if they were not accepted he would continue the action. The Dey accepted the terms falling for Exmouth's bluff; his fleet had already spent all its ammunition. A treaty was signed on September 24, 1816. 1,083 Christian slaves and the British Consul were freed and the U.S. ransom money repaid.] After the First Barbary War, the European nations had been engaged in warfare with one another (and the U.S. with the British). However, in the years immediately following the Second Barbary War, there was no general European war. This allowed the Europeans to build up their resources and challenge Barbary power in the Mediterranean without distraction. Over the following century, Algiers and Tunis became colonies of France in 1830 and 1881 respectively, while Tripoli returned to the control of the Ottoman Empire in 1835. In 1911, taking advantage of the power vacuum left by the fading Ottoman Empire, Italy assumed control of Tripoli. Europeans remained in control of the government in eastern North Africa until the mid-20th century. By then the iron-clad warships of the late 19th century and dreadnoughts of the early 20th century ensured European dominance of the Mediterranean sea. ================================================== =================== References
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2013-10-30, 18:51
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رقم المشاركة : 13 | ||||
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2013-10-30, 18:58
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رقم المشاركة : 14 | |||
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تستطيع حذف مشاركاتي، لاكن هل تستطيع حرق و حذف الحقائق الموجودة في الكتب و الوثائق التاريخية ؟ لا أظن، فبإذن الله ستظهر الحقائق المغيبة في دهاليز التاريخ شئت أم أبيت، فتلك إرادة الله، لأنه تعالى هو الحق... |
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2013-11-03, 12:43
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رقم المشاركة : 15 | ||||
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اقتباس:
لا تعب ولاشيء
هذا واجبنا في الدفاع عن الجزائر من تحريف المحرفين |
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| الكلمات الدلالية (Tags) |
| الدانماركية, الحرب, الجزائرية |
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المشاركات المنشورة تعبر عن وجهة نظر صاحبها فقط، ولا تُعبّر بأي شكل من الأشكال عن وجهة نظر إدارة المنتدى
المنتدى غير مسؤول عن أي إتفاق تجاري بين الأعضاء... فعلى الجميع تحمّل المسؤولية
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